Gibbs, Josiah Willard
(b. New Haven, Connecticut, 11 February ; d. New Haven, 28 April )
theoretical physics.
Gibbs was the only son among the five children of Josiah Willard Gibbs and Mary Anna Van Cleve Gibbs. His father was a noted philologist, a graduate of Yale and professor of sacred literature there from until his death in The younger Gibbs grew up in New Haven and graduated from Yale College in , having won a number of prizes in both Latin and mathematics. He continued at Yale as a student of engineering in the new graduate school, and in he received one of the first Ph.D. degrees granted in the United States. After serving as a tutor in Yale College for three years, giving elementary instruction in Latin and natural philosophy, Gibbs left New Haven for further study in Europe. By this time both his parents and two of his sisters were dead, and Gibbs traveled with his two surviving older sisters, Anna and Julia. He spent a year each at the universities of Paris, Berlin, and Heidelberg, attending lectures in mathematics and physics and reading widely in both fields. These European studies, rather than his earlier engineering education, provided the foundation fo
Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, – April 28, ) (generally known as J. Willard Gibbs) was a preeminent Americanmathematical-engineer, theoretical physicist, and chemist noted for his contributions to physical chemistry and statistical mechanics. He introduced the "phase rule," which predicts the number of phases that a substance can manifest at a particular temperature and pressure. He devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he was an inventor of vector analysis. The American Mathematical Society has described him as one of the greatest scientists America has ever produced.[1]
Biography
Early years
Josiah Willard Gibbs was the only son and the fourth of five children of Josiah Willard Gibbs, a professor of sacred literature at the Yale Divinity School, and Mary Anna Van Cleve Gibbs, the daughter of a Yale graduate. Gibbs's father is known as the person who found an interpreter for Africans aboard the "slave ship" Amistad, thus facilitating their release.[2]
After attending the Hopkins School, Gibbs matriculated from Yale College at the age He graduated in , near the
Josiah Willard Gibbs
Josiah Willard Gibbs was an American born scientist known primarily for his studies in thermodynamics and development of statistical mechanics. His findings paved the way for future discoveries in quantum mechanics and theoretical physics.
Personal Life
Early Life
Josiah Willard Gibbs was born to Josiah Gibbs Sr. and Mary Anna Van Cleve on February 11, in New Haven, Connecticut. As a child he lived a relatively privileged life with his four older sisters. Education was encouraged in his family as not only was his father a professor at Yale, but also had one relative who held a position as president of Harvard and another relative who was the first president of Princeton.
His classmates at The Hopkins School, a small private school in New Haven, often described him as quiet and "intellectually absorbed." His fragile pulmonary and overall health likely contributed to his introverted demeanor as it prevented him from interacting with his peers.
Later Life
Gibbs continued his pursuit of education when he matriculated to Yale when he was only 15 years old (in ). There, he began to pursue engineering research while also receiving numerous award
The case of Willard Gibbs shows that this weakness was due to tradition and training, not to any lack of native talent. Gibbs, son of a Yale professor of sacred literature, descended from a long line of New England college graduates. He studied at Yale, received his Ph.D. there in &#;one of the first doctorates granted in the United States&#;tutored Latin and natural philosophy there, and then left for three decisive years in Europe. Up to that time Gibbs had shown interest in both mathematics and engineering, which he combined in his dissertation "On the Form of the Teeth of Wheels in Spur Gearing." The lectures he attended in Pari
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